Chemical Biology Letters
http://www.pubs.iscience.in/journal/index.php/cbl
<p>A journal for Chemistry Biology Interface, Chemical Biology and Synthetic Biology research and review articles.</p>en-USChemical Biology Letters2347–9825The submitting author confirms on behlaf of all authors that submission is made with the consent of all authors and this submission completion confirms a consent to copyright assignment to iScienceIn Publishing for publication of contents (including graphics included).Immune and endocrine aspects of the testis and its relation to male infertility
http://www.pubs.iscience.in/journal/index.php/cbl/article/view/1238
Spermatogenesis and steroidogenesis are the two important functions of the testis which are controlled by the hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal axis of the body. Presence of blood-testis barrier (BTB) in the seminiferous tubules as well as the immune components of the interstitial space also maintains remarkable immune privileged microenvironment in the testis. This helps the sperm autoantigens to escape from the immune attack. The testis also has its own innate immune defensive mechanism to combat against male reproductive tract infection. There are many local immune modulators which maintain the immune privilege and regulate the innate immune mechanism of the testis. Factors like Infection and inflammatory conditions, endocrine disruptors, heat stress, Reactive Oxygen Species, Reactive Nitrogen Species may have impact on the BTB integrity and may finally lead to immunologic infertility. An insight into biomolecules associated with spermatozoal immune mechanism may generate inputs to develop diagnostic tools and modulate fertility.Silpi Acharyya
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2021-10-032021-10-0384144161A comparative study of isothermal nucleic acid amplification methods for SARS-CoV-2 detection at point-of-care
http://www.pubs.iscience.in/journal/index.php/cbl/article/view/1294
COVID-19, caused by the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, has put most of the world under lockdown. Despite approved vaccines, COVID-19 cases, hospitalizations, and deaths have remained on the rise. Rapid diagnosis and necessary public health measures are still key parts to contain the pandemic. Here, the colorimetric isothermal nucleic acid amplification tests (iNAATs) for SARS-CoV-2 detection based on loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP), cross-priming amplification (CPA), and polymerase spiral reaction (PSR) were designed and compared in performance for the first time. The findings showed that, for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 genomic-RNA, LAMP outperformed both CPA and PSR, exhibiting the limit of detection (LOD) of roughly 43.14 copies/reaction. The results can be read with the naked eye within 45 minutes, without cross-reactivity to closely related coronaviruses. The direct detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in simulated specimens by iNAATs was also successful. Additionally, the lyophilized reagents for LAMP reactions maintained the sensitivity and LOD of the liquid assays. The colorimetric LAMP assay was validated using clinical samples, showing 98.1% sensitivity and 100% specificity upon using extracted samples and 82.4% sensitivity and 86.2% specificity upon using unextracted specimens. The results indicate that the direct colorimetric LAMP assay developed is highly suitable for detecting SARS-CoV-2 at point-of-care.Diem Hong TranHoang Quoc CuongHau Thi TranUyen Phuong LeHoang Dang Kho DoLe Minh BuiNguyen Duc HaiHoang Thuy LinhNguyen Thi Thanh ThaoNguyen Hoang AnhNguyen Trung HieuCao Minh ThangVan Van VuHuong Thi Thu Phung
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2021-10-032021-10-0384106116Clinical status of potential drugs used for COVID-19 treatment and recent advances in new therapeutics - A review
http://www.pubs.iscience.in/journal/index.php/cbl/article/view/1273
<p>COVID-19, a perilous disease caused by SARS CoV-2, has caused massive damage to humankind, and turned into a global catastrophe. It was first reported in Wuhan, China in December 2019 and since then has been a constant source of worry for the scientists and the medical world, due to the carnage it has caused globally. Extensive clinical studies are being carried to explore drug therapy and prophylaxis to combat this pestilence. It is still an excessively big challenge for the scientists and pharmacological industry to develop potential drugs for the treatment of this deadly virus. At present though no specific drug has been identified as a perfect cure for this zoonotic disease, medical practitioners are using the therapy of repurposing of drugs for the treatment. A systemic research was carried out through e-resources to identify drugs for the treatment of covid-19. A recent proposal of 2DG drug as a cure for covid-19 has also been discussed in this review.</p>Kalpa MandalMeenakshi SinghCharu ChandraIndraj Kumar Kumwat
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2021-09-212021-09-2184117128Impact of altered Energy metabolism and Immune regulation in reproductive health of Aged Men
http://www.pubs.iscience.in/journal/index.php/cbl/article/view/1306
The age of having a first child has increased all around the world. With advancing age, the reproductive system encounters several complications in both males and females. With increasing age in men, increased mitochondrial damage increases, oxidative stress, leading to disruption of immune system. All these are closely associated with one another, and together contribute to age-induced reproductive dysfunctions in men. Changes associated with ageing in men adversely affect steroidogenesis and spermatogenesis. Immunosenescence causes the altered immunoregulation and accounts for diminished quality and quantity of sperms in men. Various factors like the interaction of sex hormones with environment and genetic factors are the determinants of immune status in an individual. With ageing increased inflammation of the male urogenital tract is also known to account for infertility in men. Further, cytokines and adipokines in age induced obesity adversely effects fertility in men. Thus, there exists an axis connecting age, energy metabolism, sex hormones, immunity and reproductive health. The aim of this review article is to brief the role of various immunoregulatory factors associated with ageing and the impact of age-induced changes in energy metabolism on male reproductive health. Administration of antioxidants or anti-inflammatory agents separately or in combination may be beneficial in treating or mitigating age induced infertility in men.Suvendu GhoshDebosree GhoshPartha Sarathi Singha
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2021-09-102021-09-1084257264Immunoendocrine regulation of energy homeostasis and male reproduction
http://www.pubs.iscience.in/journal/index.php/cbl/article/view/1302
Human reproductive system involve a number of intricate complex interconnected physiological metabolic pathways and metabolites with involvement of overall health of different body organs. Overall health alterations mediated physiological conditions such as obesity, diabetes etc. bring about additional variations in expression and presence of metabolic constituents including kinases, hormones, proteins, peptides. The detailed analysis of various molecules like endocrine hormones, neuropeptides, immunity and inflammation associated kinases and proteins that have an end effect in cells and tissues, and might be playing a role in impacting male reproduction have been deliberated here. A deliberative collection of obesity and infertility related molecules including endocrine hormones, cytokines, adipokines, adiponectin, resistin, visfatin, ghrelin, orexins, leptin, adropin, chemerin, along with diabetes and age related physiological impact analysis on male reproductive system have been included in this selective compilation. An in-depth understanding of changes and introduction of new intermediate molecules for regulation of physiological phenomena like energy homeostasis in obesity regulation and their interlinked associated impact on the male fertility potential would provide a reflection for possible development of new therapeutics.Sulagna DuttaPallav SenguptaBhupender S. Chhikara
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2021-09-102021-09-1084141143Obesity and Male Infertility: Energy Imbalance to Inflammation
http://www.pubs.iscience.in/journal/index.php/cbl/article/view/1303
Obesity is an important health problem with an increasing frequency in the world. In recent years, obesity has been shown to be closely related to infertility in addition to causing many important additional and systemic health problems. The relationship between obesity and infertility is evaluated based on many complex mechanisms, such as inflammatory cellular response, endocrine factors released from adipose tissue, and epigenetic changes, as well as other known factors including increased scrotal temperature and hormonal imbalance. While increasing BMI negatively affects the known reproductive hormonal mechanism, on the other hand, adipose tissue acts as an endocrine organ and secretes several hormones called adipokines. These hormones affect spermatogenesis both central and testicular ways. Moreover, increased adipose tissue and BMI cause to rising scrotal temperature, and result in sperm DNA damage. Therefore, sperm DNA damage caused by both the negative effect of adipokines, increased scrotal temperature, and increased inflammatory response impairs sperm functional structure. In addition to all these factors, sexual dysfunction which develops due to hormonal imbalance as a result of excess weight and psychologic factors caused by a distorted body image, constitute an important obstacle to a healthy sexual life. As a result, obesity should be considered as a health problem that plays a role in male infertility with its multi-faceted interaction.Mehmet Murad BasarA. Egemen Avci
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2021-09-102021-09-1084162170Adiponectin: ‘a metabolic ballcock’ modulating immune responses and male reproduction
http://www.pubs.iscience.in/journal/index.php/cbl/article/view/1272
<p>One of the most prevalent serum adipokines, adiponectin, is well-known for its function in regulating insulin sensitivity and preventing metabolic syndrome from developing. Adiponectin is expressed in numerous components of the testis and studies claim that adiponectin may have positive paracrine effects on testicular functions. Adiponectin, on the other hand, inhibits the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis thereby that may affect testicular testosterone production. It is a strong anti-inflammatory and antioxidant molecule that may have beneficial effects on the male reproductive in addition to its metabolic functions. In obese men, reduction in adiponectin levels may partly decipher the multitudinous pathways linking obesity-mediated metabolic disturbances, inflammation, and male infertility or subfertility. This article provides an overview of the actions of adipokines in energy homeostasis, metabolic balance, inflammation, and male reproduction, hence drawing a connexion between obesity-mediated dyshomeostasis in metabolism and immune functions and male reproductive disruptions.</p>Sulagna DuttaPallav SenguptaSrikumar ChakravarthiTulay IrezGul Baktir
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2021-09-102021-09-1084171182Leptin in Energy homeostasis, Male reproduction, and Immune regulation
http://www.pubs.iscience.in/journal/index.php/cbl/article/view/1250
<p>Discovery of leptin has changed the view of adipose tissue from energy storehouse to a active neuroendocrine and immune organ Adipokine leptinis a16 kDa amino acid protein,encoded by LEP gene, secreted by adipose tissue, and acts through its cytokine receptor leptin receptor. Leptin is a central regulator of energy homeostasis by regulating food intake, appetite, satiety and basal metabolism. Leptin acts at each level of hypothalamus pituitary gonadal axis (HPG) and has a key role in initiation and progression of pubertal events and sexual maturation. Leptin acts directly at testicular level and affects the spermatogenesis, sperm quality and capacitation thus has important role in male reproduction and fertility. Leptin receptors are present on every cells involved in innate and adaptive immunity and regulate the functions of these cells. Leptin has been implicated in pathogenesis of multiple disorders like obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, SLE, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, male infertility and other chronic inflammatory disorders due to its varied actions on different organ systems. Therapies based on modulating the functions of leptin can be the key area of research in future for treatment of these chronic disorders.</p>Kush Dev Singh JARIALRitu MahajanNisha Kapoor
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2021-09-102021-09-1084183191Orexins: the ‘multitasking’ neuropeptides in the energy metabolism and immune regulation of male reproduction
http://www.pubs.iscience.in/journal/index.php/cbl/article/view/1264
<p>Orexins are hypothalamus-derived neuropeptides with versatile functions. The most explored domains of orexins’ functions are their influence on the central nervous system (CNS) implicated in the regulation of sleep/wakefulness cycle, food intake behavior, energy homeostasis, and cognitive processes. Orexins reportedly bear two isoforms, orexin-A (OXA) and orexin-B (OXB), that act via their specific G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), OX1R, and OX2R. These peptides also play vital roles in various other peripheral organs where they regulate metabolism, neuroendocrine functions, blood pressure, as well as reproductive functions. Interestingly orexins also exhibit immunoregulatory, anti-inflammatory properties and facilitate the mechanism of obesity resistance. Recent research has also shed light on the significant role of orexins, in particular orexin-A, in regulating reproductive functions in males since the Leydig cells, Sertoli cells, germ cells in various stages of the development, and even the epididymis and penis manifest the OXA receptor. It will be intriguing to explore the properties of the orexins in reversing obesity, downregulation of inflammatory responses, and mediation of male reproductive functions. The present article thus reviews these multitudinous properties of orexins and comprehends the possible connection among the behavioral, metabolic, anti-inflammatory functions of orexins with their roles in male reproduction.</p>Pallav SenguptaMuhjah Falah HassanSulagna DuttaRavindran JegasothyBhupender S. Chhikara
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2021-09-102021-09-1084202212Adropin in immune and energy balance: ‘a molecule of interest’ in male reproduction
http://www.pubs.iscience.in/journal/index.php/cbl/article/view/1304
Adropin is a novel peptide hormone with multidimensional functionalities awaiting to be unveiled completely. This hormone is encoded by the ‘energy homeostasis-associated’ (<em>Enho</em>) gene. It is primarily produced by the liver, while to some extent by the brain, circulatory system and numerous other peripheral tissues. In the twelve years of its discovery, studies have established that adropin has essential role in body weight management, glucose and lipid balance, and is salubrious in a variety of illnesses. Exploring the potential of adropin in male infertility studies will be fascinating. Metabolic disorders, inflammation, and oxidative stress (OS) are among the main underlying mechanisms of male infertility. Since this molecule reduces body adiposity, possesses anti-inflammatory as well as antioxidant properties, it may have potential role in restoration of male fertility. In this review, we amalgamate the evidence available on physiological, metabolic, and immune functions of adropin and thereafter address the possible role of adropin in male reproduction.Roland AkhigbeSulagna DuttaPallav SenguptaBhupender S. Chhikara
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2021-09-102021-09-1084213223Chemerin and male reproduction: ‘a tangled rope’ connecting metabolism and inflammation
http://www.pubs.iscience.in/journal/index.php/cbl/article/view/1265
<p>Adipokines are peptides produced mainly by the fat tissue adipocytes and their levels are sensitive to alterations in metabolic state. While there is little known about the impact of adipokines on male reproductive control, both animal-based experimental data and clinical research suggest that they can influence numerous male fertility indices. Chemerin is a newly found adipokine which is generally recognized as a chemoattractant and chemokine. Chemerin has been correlated with inflammatory reactions and metabolic imbalance, as seen in various metabolic syndrome. A sex dimorphic chemerin expression pattern has also been shown with greater levels in men in comparison to women. Chemerin can thus be offered as a potential new candidate in the connection among metabolic disorders, inflammation and male reproduction. The present article explores the multidimensional metabolic and inflammatory roles of chemerin and discusses its impact upon the male reproduction.</p>Fong Fong LiewSulagna DuttaPallav SenguptaBhupender S. Chhikara
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2021-09-102021-09-1084224237Testosterone in pathogenesis of tuberculosis
http://www.pubs.iscience.in/journal/index.php/cbl/article/view/1257
<p align="justify">Tuberculosis is a leading cause of death from infectious diseases worldwide with more than 1.5 million deaths occurring annually. Males have been known to be more susceptible to tuberculosis than females. Sex hormones could be an important factor governing this gender bias. Here, we discuss the evidence that testosterone may be a crucial factor in male susceptibility to tuberculosis considering that testosterone impairs important factors which have a significant bearing on the outcome of tuberculosis. We also discuss possible underlying mechanisms through which testosterone modulates the immune response that is necessary for host resistance to tuberculosis. We discuss various models that have helped to uncover the role of testosterone in the outcome of infection by <em>M. tuberculosis.</em> Studying the role of testosterone on the various components that constitute the immune response to the disease have provided valuable insights into the sexual dichotomy observed in male bias in tuberculosis morbidity. </p>Parul ShrivastavaTamishraha Bagchi
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2021-09-102021-09-1084238247Role of estrogens in immunoendocrine regulations of male reproduction
http://www.pubs.iscience.in/journal/index.php/cbl/article/view/1305
Male infertility is a multifactorial disorder. A diverge array of autocrine and paracrine factors, genetic and epigenetic factors, pathogenic perturbations, testicular dysfunctions and oxidative stress, all together may contribute to male infertility. Interactions between different cellular components of testis, other accessory sex organs and hormones within the system’s milieu act in a synchronized manner to help in normal reproductive function. In addition, immune cells and hormonal interplay may also assist such mechanisms. Androgens and estrogens are known to act as antagonizing hormones. They act via multiple receptors mediated signaling, producing such effects. Nevertheless, recent cropping up evidences in support of the role of hormones in managing testicular function indicate a vital role of estrogenic influences. Dietary or occupational exposure to artificial or natural estrogen may act as teratogen and a factor for some secular diseases of male reproductive tract leading to immune endocrine disbalances contributing to male infertility. The key role of estrogen in immune modulation related to immune dysfunction and inflammatory conditions in male germ cell signaling, Sertoli cell integrity and expression of altered immune responses are of a matter of great concern. Suppression of autoreactive immune cells, alterations of regulatory T cells (T<sub> Reg</sub>), Th1 and Th2 ratio, Th17 cell responses, manipulation of inflammatory and autoimmune response confirms the essential role of estrogen in promoting protection against inflammatory conditions. Nevertheless, evidence based extensive research is essential to overrule the possibility of adverse outcomes of this sex steroid and sustain its beneficial action of estrogen in males.Debosree GhoshAlak Kumar SyamalSuvendu Ghosh
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2021-09-102021-09-1084248256Resistin and visfatin: ‘connecting threads’ of immunity, energy modulations and male reproduction
http://www.pubs.iscience.in/journal/index.php/cbl/article/view/1271
<p>Adipokines, mostly produced by white adipose tissues, have been established to be endocrine factors which are also essential in energy homeostasis. More recently, their contribution in fertility regulation has been recommended. Resistin as well as visfatin are unique adipocyte-derived signaling chemicals whose expressions enhance in advanced obesity and are implicated in insulin resistance as well as type-2 diabetes. They are also found to be immune modulators and may participate in aggravating inflammatory responses which may partly explain obesity-mediated systemic inflammation. They are yet much less explored adipokines with potential to regulate metabolic rate, immune homeostasis as well as fertility. These adipokines are shown to be expressed in the hypothalamus in an area in charge of energy balance. Evidence suggest that they can potentially affect the hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis thereby modulating reproductive functions. They are also found to be expressed highly by the testes. In rodents, resistin and visfatin have actually been shown to positively modulate Leydig cell number and steroidogenesis. Additionally, visfatin exists in the human spermatozoa and may play role in the sperm maturation. However, reports on the impact of resistin and visfatin on human male fertility are inconsistent. In this article, we review the available literature on the role resistin and visfatin on male reproduction and integrate the mechanisms to discuss if they act as sensor for body energy dyshomeostatis and modulate male reproductive functions as per the metabolic status.</p>Sulagna DuttaPallav SenguptaRavindran JegasothyRoland Akhigbe
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2021-09-102021-09-1084192201In silico analysis of the role of hsa-miR-155-5p in cervical cancer
http://www.pubs.iscience.in/journal/index.php/cbl/article/view/1278
Numerous studies have established a critical role of micro-RNAs in the transcriptional regulation of multiple genes during cancer pathogenesis. Several micro-RNAs are associated with the poor prognosis and outcome of cervical cancer implicating their potential role in therapeutic intervention. The aim of this study was to determine the role of miR-155-5p in cervical cancer by performing a meta-analysis on its expression and identifying its molecular targets and pathways based on Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) dataset, The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) dataset, and literature review. Meta-analysis confirmed the upregulation of miR-155-5p expression in cervical cancer that significantly correlated with the numbers of tumour purity and histopathological grades. By using integrated bioinformatics approach, this study demonstrates that miR-155-5p could promote cervical cancer progression through targeting the expression of <em>Sp1, EGFR, UBR4 </em>and<em> PIk3R1</em> genes. Importantly, these four genes play a crucial role in estrogen signaling pathway and choline metabolism. This study may provide future insights in revealing the mechanisms underlying pathogenesis of cervical cancer.Mehreen AftabMaryam GhufranDhruv KumarBhudev C Das
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2021-09-072021-09-078494105Lactobacillus casei and Bifidobacterium bifidum reduces postprandial hyperglycaemia, inhibits α-glucosidase activity and improve histology of pancreatic islets in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats.
http://www.pubs.iscience.in/journal/index.php/cbl/article/view/1263
<p>Lactobacillus and Bifidobacteia are generally accrediated as potential antidiabetic agents, but the mechanism of action is still not clear. The aim of this study was to investigate the result of administration of <em>Lactobacillus casei and Bifidobacterium bifidum </em>on alpha glucosidase enzyme, postprandial blood glucose level and histological changes that occur in the pancreatic beta cells in streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic rats. Diabetic rats were induced by STZ (50 mg/kg body weight). The experimental diabetic rats were treated with single dose of <em>L. casei</em> and <em>B. bifidum</em> for 28 days. The diabetic animals of sixth group were treated with standard hypoglycaemic drug, acarbose (10mg/kg body weight). Maltose and starch tolerance test were performed. Treatment demonstrated significant hypoglycemic activity, lower postprandial blood glucose level induced by maltose and starch loading in diabetic rats. These results definitely demonstrate that <em>L. casei</em> and <em>B. bifidum</em> have alpha glucosidase inhibitory activity and can reduce blood glucose level after maltose and starch tolerance test. Histological analysis showed treatment protected the function of pancreatic islets and regenerate degenerated cells.</p>Sumiran SrivastavaMansi ShrivastavaPoonam SharmaRambir Singh
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2021-09-062021-09-06848893Assessing the antimycobacterial activity of the bioactive fractions of the Indian medicinal plant - Justicia adhatoda L.
http://www.pubs.iscience.in/journal/index.php/cbl/article/view/1244
Justicia adhatoda is an Indian medicinal plant used largely to treat respiratory ailments, especially in Ayurvedic medicine. In the present study, we sought to analyze the antimycobacterial activity of the leaf extracts of J. adhatoda. The leaves of J. adhatoda were powdered and extracted with ethanol, water, ethyl acetate, and hexane and antimycobacterial activity was assessed by MABA. The ethanol extract showed >96% and 98% reduction in CFU at 100μg/ml on Mycobacterium smegmatis and Mycobacterium bovis (BCG) respectively. Active phytoconstituent from ethanol extract was isolated and further fractionated via Prep-TLC. The isolated fractions showed strong anti-mycobacterial activity, with low cytotoxicity and synergism when used with isoniazid. When subjected to electron microscopy, the fractions were found to adversely affect the cell wall and membrane of BCG, causing cytoplasmic leakage. Our study demonstrates that the active fractions isolated from J. adhatoda could be evaluated further for potentially effective anti-mycobacterial bioactive phytoconstituent.Smita MishraManisha KhatriVarsha Mehra
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2021-07-072021-07-07846778Protective effect of hydroethanolic leaf extract of Parquetina nigrescens against D-galactose-induced neurotoxicity in male Wistar rats.
http://www.pubs.iscience.in/journal/index.php/cbl/article/view/1236
<p> To investigate the effect of hydroethanolic leaf extract of <em>Parquetina nigrescens</em> (HELEPN) on D-galactose induced neurotoxicity in male Wistar rats.Brain damage was induced by the administration of 300mg/kg b.w of D-galactose subcutaneously for six weeks while HELEPN treatments (250mg and 500 mg/kg b.w) were given orally for four weeks. After the study, rats were sacrificed and brain tissues collected for biochemical analysis. The concentrations of Advanced GlycationEndproducts (AGEs), Tumour Necrosis Factor α (TNF-α), 8-dehydroyxguanosine (8-OHDG) and Caspase 3 activity were done using Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits. Levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione, Nitric oxide and activities of Acetycholinestrease (AChE), Superoxide dismutase (SOD), Catalase (CAT), Glutathione peroxidase (GPx) as well as DNA fragmentation index (DFI) were determined using standard techniques. HELEPN administration attenuated D-galactose-induced brain alterations through decreased MDA level and increased activities of SOD, CAT as well as elevated glutathione content. HELEPN also improved the activities of brain caspase 3-dependent apoptosis and AChE, TNF-α and DNA fragmentation index.<em>The administration of HELEPN provided neuroprotection against D-galactose-induced brain damage through anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory as well as anti-apoptotic mechanisms and these protective effects could be as a result of a profile of phytochemicals present in the plant leaves.</em><em></em></p>Lydia Oluwatoyin AjayiAdemola Olabode AyelesoTemitope Adenike Oyedepo
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2021-06-242021-06-24847987Isolation, synthesis and medicinal applications of Heparin
http://www.pubs.iscience.in/journal/index.php/cbl/article/view/1207
Heparin is a highly sulphated and most negatively charged natural biopolymer<br />belonging to the glycosaminoglycan (GAG) family. This is an about a 100-year-old anticoagulant drug. This is equally important for non-anticoagulant diseases also and is the reason for the recent burgeoning of interest in the molecule. Heparin has been isolated from both animal and non-animal sources; however, porcine mucosa remains the FDA-approved source for heparin. For the synthesis, chemical, chemoenzymatic, and biotechnological<br />approaches have been studied. In recent times, the focus is more towards the synthesis of LMWH, ULMWH, and bioengineered heparins. This article is a mini-compilation about the isolation, synthesis, and medicinal applications of this drug molecule.Saikrushna JenaRam Singh
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2021-06-012021-06-01845966Antarctic cyanobacterium Nostoc CCC537, a new source of γ-linolenic acid and its antibacterial potential
http://www.pubs.iscience.in/journal/index.php/cbl/article/view/1206
Unsaturated fatty acids are one of an important component of our healthy diet as needed for various physiological functions as well as it has medicinal significance. The Gamma linolenic acid (GLA), the pharmaceutically important fatty acid, was isolated from the <em>Antarctic cyanobacetrium</em>, <em>Nostoc</em><sub>CCC537</sub>. The antibacterial potential of GLA was evaluated against <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em> ATCC25923, <em>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</em> ATCC27853, <em>Salmonella typhi</em> MTCC3216, <em>Escherichia coli</em> ATCC25992 and <em>Enterobacter</em> <em>aerogene</em>s MTCC2822. It was observed that GLA production in the cyanobacterium was also regulated by alterations in phosphate or nitrate levels during growth along with temperature. A doubling in the phosphate concentration (116 μM) over that routinely used (58 μM) in the diazotrophic medium, enhanced GLA production 20.5%, while the biomass yield decreased to 7.3% of the control. GLA production, however, decreased to 18% or 23% in 5 mM or 10 mM nitrate, respectively. A downshift in growth temperature to 10<sup>o</sup>C from 20<sup>o</sup>C enhanced GLA production. It is suggested that the Antarctic cyanobacterium may also act as a source of an antibacterial agent as well as GLA.Deepali VermaRavi Kumar AsthanaGopal Nath
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2021-05-062021-05-06845058